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Here we show that the flow-to-friction transition in experimentally simulated calcite faults is characterized by a transition from dislocation and diffusion creep to dilatant deformation, involving incompletely accommodated grain boundary sliding. However, the microphysical mechanisms responsible for the transition from ductile flow to seismogenic brittle/frictional behaviour at shallower depths remain unclear. Fault zone rupture at greater depths is inhibited by ductile flow of rock.
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Major earthquakes frequently nucleate near the base of the seismogenic zone, close to the brittle-ductile transition.
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